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Explanation of heat required to turn ice into steam by Ron Kurtus - Succeed in Understanding Physics. Also refer to physics, units of measurement, states of matter, thermodynamics, temperature, molecules, calories, grams, Celsius, energy, boiling point, freezing point, heat transfer, School for Champions. Copyright © Restrictions
Heat Required to Turn Ice into Steam
by Ron Kurtus (revised 6 October 2005)
When you heat a material, you are adding kinetic energy to its molecules and usually raising its temperature. The only exception is when the material reaches its melting or boiling points. At those two temperatures, the heat energy goes into changing the state of the material. After the state has changed, the temperature will rise again with added heat.
The rate temperature changes is the specific heat of the material. The amount of heat required to melt the material is called the latent heat of melting. This all can be illustrated in showing how much heat is required to change ice into water and then change the water into steam.
Questions you may have include:
- What units of measurement are used in turning ice into steam?
- How is specific heat used?
- How is latent heat used?
This lesson will answer those questions. There is a mini-quiz near the end of the lesson.
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Units of measurement
Since we are measuring the amount of heat required to make these changes, we need to know the definitions of the various units involved.
Heat
Heat is the total kinetic energy of all the molecules in an object. Although energy is typically measured in joules, a more common unit for heat is the calorie, which is defined as the amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 Celsius degree. There is a conversion factor to relate joules to calories, but we won't worry about that here.
Note: Calories are abbreviated as cal and grams as g. Also, oC means degrees Celsius.
In the English measurement system, they use the BTU (British thermal unit), which is the amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 Fahrenheit degree. The BTU is seen in the United States when referring to the capacity of a furnace.
Specific heat
Materials vary in their capacity to store thermal energy. For example, a material like iron will heat up much faster than water or wood. The measurement of how much heat is required to change the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1 degree is called its specific heat.
There are charts available listing the specific heat of various materials. The chart below shows the specific heat of ice, water and steam in units of calorie per gram-degree Celsius.
(Note that all items are listed with the same number of decimal points. That indicates the same accuracy for each. Also, the zero in front of the decimal point assures that the reader will know it is a decimal point and not a fly speck.)
State of water |
Specific heat in cal/g-oC |
Ice |
0.50 |
Water |
1.00 |
Steam |
0.48 |
Specific heat of various states of water
In other words, it would take twice as many calories to heat some water one degree than it would to heat the same mass of ice one degree.
Latent heat
When any material is heated to the temperature where it changes state, the temperature will remain the same until all the material changes state. That means ice water will remain at 0oC (32oF) until all the ice is melted. The same thing applies when cooling the materials.
The reason is that energy must be expended to change the state from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas. Likewise, energy must be withdrawn to change the state when cooling the material. The amount of energy required is call the latent heat of freezing or boiling. The chart below shows the latent heat or energy required to change the states of water.
Change of state of water |
Latent heat in cal/g |
Melting / Freezing |
80 |
Boiling / Condensation |
540 |
Latent heat required to change state of water
Problem
A good way to understand the concepts is to solve a problem.
Suppose we have 50g of ice at -10oC. We want to heat the material until it all turns to steam at 110oC. How much heat is required?
With a problem that is complex like this one, it is good to break it down into pieces and solve each part individually. This also helps to explain the logic used in the solution.
1. Heating ice
How much heat would be required to raise 50g of ice to its melting point?
The ice temperature must be raised 10 degrees to reach 0oC.
Since the specific heat of ice is 0.50 cal/g-oC, that means that 0.50 calories is needed to raise 1g of ice 1oC. Thus, it would take 50 x 0.50 calories to raise 50g up 1oC and 10 x 50 x 0.50 = 250 cal to raise the ice to its melting point.
2. Melting ice
How much heat would be required to melt the 50g of ice?
The latent heat for melting ice is 80 cal/g. That means that 1g of ice requires 80 cal of heat to melt.
Thus, 50g requires 50 x 80 = 4000 cal to melt.
3. Heating water
How much heat is required to heat 50g of water from 0oC to its boiling point of 100oC?
Since the specific heat of water is 1.00 cal/g-oC, that means that 1.00 calorie is needed to raise 1g of water 1oC. Thus, it would take 50 x 1.00 calories to raise 50g up 1oC and 100 x 50 x 1.00 = 5000 cal to raise the water to its boiling point.
4. Boiling water
How much heat would be required to boil the 50g of water?
The latent heat for boiling water is 540 cal/g. That means that 1g of water requires 540 cal of heat to boil.
Thus, 50g requires 50 x 540 = 27000 cal to boil.
5. Heating steam
How much heat is required to heat 50g of steam from 100oC to 110oC?
Since the specific heat of steam is 0.48 cal/g-oC, that means that 0.48 calories are needed to raise 1g up 1oC. Thus, it would take 50 x 0.48 calories to raise 50g of steam 1oC and 10 x 50 x 0.48 = 240 cal to raise the temperature of the steam to 110oC.
6. Total
The total heat required to change 50g of ice at -10oC to steam at 110oC is:
250 + 4000 + 5000 + 27000 + 240 = 36490 cal.
Summary
Heating materials like ice, water and steam increases their temperature. The specific heat of the material determines the calories required to heat one unit of mass one degree.
Changing the state of the material requires extra heat energy that is not used to change the temperature. The amount of heat required to change the state of the material is called its latent heat. The complex problem of determining how much heat is required to change ice into water and then change the water into steam should be broken into parts and solved individually.
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Resources and references
The following resources provide information on this subject:
Websites
Specific Heat Equations - Wolfram Science World
Phase Changes and Latent Heat - from Middle Tennessee State University
Books
Top-rated
books on Thermal Energy
Top-rated
books on Temperature
Mini-quiz to check your understanding
If you got all three correct, you are on your way to becoming a Champion in Physics. If you had problems, you had better look over the material again.
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Heat Required to Turn Ice into Steam